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大厂也在用的分布式链路追踪:TraceIdFilter + MDC + Skywalking

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张小明

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大厂也在用的分布式链路追踪:TraceIdFilter + MDC + Skywalking

痛点

  • 查线上日志时,同一个 Pod 内多线程日志交错,很难追踪每个请求对应的日志信息。

  • 日志收集工具将多个 Pod 的日志收集到同一个数据库中后,情况就更加混乱不堪了。

解决

TraceId + MDC
  • 前端每次请求时,添加X-App-Trace-Id请求头,X-App-Trace-Id值的生成方式可以选择【时间戳 + UUID】,保证 traceId 的唯一性。

  • 后端在TraceIdFilter中取出X-App-Trace-Id的值:String traceId = httpServletRequest.getHeader(TRACE_ID_HEADER_KEY)。如果请求没有携带X-App-Trace-Id请求头,后端服务可以使用 UUID 或者 Snowflake 算法生成一个 traceId。

  • 将 traceId 塞到 slf4j MDC 中:MDC.put(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY, traceId),在logback pattern中使用%X{traceId}占位符打印 traceId。

public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException { HttpServletRequest httpServletRequest = (HttpServletRequest) request; String traceId = httpServletRequest.getHeader(TRACE_ID_HEADER_KEY); if (StrUtil.isBlank(traceId)) { traceId = UUID.randomUUID().toString(); } MDC.put(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY, traceId); try { chain.doFilter(request, response); } finally { MDC.remove(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY); } }
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <configuration debug="false"> <property name="pattern" value="[%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS}] %-5level [%thread] %logger %line [%X{traceId}] [%tid] - %msg%n"/>
整合 Feign

发起服务间调用时,需要将 MDC 中的 traceId 传递到被调用服务。我们项目中统一使用 Feign Client,实现服务间的 HTTP 远程调用,在Feign RequestInterceptor中,取出 MDC 中的 traceId,塞到请求头中:requestTemplate.header(TRACE_ID_HEADER_KEY, MDC.get(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY));

@Override public void apply(RequestTemplate template) { template.header(TRACE_ID_HEADER_KEY, MDC.get(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY)); }
多线程适配

Please note that MDC as implemented by logback-classic assumes that values are placed into the MDC with moderate frequency. Also note that a child thread does not automatically inherit a copy of the mapped diagnostic context of its parent.

在子线程执行任务前,将父线程的 MDC 内容设置到子线程的 MDC 中;在子线程任务执行完成后,清除子线程 MDC 中的内容。

适配 JDK ThreadPoolExecutor:

public class MdcAwareThreadPoolExecutor extends ThreadPoolExecutor { @Override public void execute(Runnable command) { Map<String, String> parentThreadContextMap = MDC.getCopyOfContextMap(); super.execute(MdcTaskUtils.adaptMdcRunnable(command, parentThreadContextMap)); } }

适配 Spring TaskDecorator:

@Component public class MdcAwareTaskDecorator implements TaskDecorator { @Override public Runnable decorate(Runnable runnable) { Map<String, String> parentThreadContextMap = MDC.getCopyOfContextMap(); return MdcTaskUtils.adaptMdcRunnable(runnable, parentThreadContextMap); } }

MdcTaskUtils#adaptMdcRunnable():采用装饰者模式,装饰原生的Runnable runnable对象,在原生 Runnable 对象执行前,将父线程的 MDC 设置到子线程中,在原生 Runnable 对象执行结束后,清除子线程 MDC 中的内容。

@Slf4j public abstract class MdcTaskUtils { public static Runnable adaptMdcRunnable(Runnable runnable, Map<String, String> parentThreadContextMap) { return () -> { log.debug("parentThreadContextMap: {}, currentThreadContextMap: {}", parentThreadContextMap, MDC.getCopyOfContextMap()); if (MapUtils.isEmpty(parentThreadContextMap) || !parentThreadContextMap.containsKey(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY)) { log.debug("can not find a parentThreadContextMap, maybe task is fired using async or schedule task."); MDC.put(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY, UUID.randomUUID().toString()); } else { MDC.put(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY, parentThreadContextMap.get(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY)); } try { runnable.run(); } finally { MDC.remove(MDC_TRACE_ID_KEY); } }; } }
整合 Skywalking

Skywalking 官方提供了对 logback 1.x 版本的适配:apm-toolkit-logback-1.x,可以在 logback 中打印skywalking traceId,可以将X-App-Trace-Idskywalking traceId结合起来,方便接口业务和性能问题的排查。

  • layout 具体实现类选择TraceIdPatternLogbackLayout

  • logback pattern中使用%tid打印skywalking traceId

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <configuration debug="false"> <property name="pattern" value="[%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS}] %-5level [%thread] %logger %line [%X{traceId}] [%tid] - %msg%n"/> <appender name="STDOUT" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender"> <encoder class="ch.qos.logback.core.encoder.LayoutWrappingEncoder"> <layout class="org.apache.skywalking.apm.toolkit.log.logback.v1.x.TraceIdPatternLogbackLayout"> <pattern>${pattern}</pattern> </layout> </encoder> </appender>

TraceIdPatternLogbackLayout类初始化时,添加了两个 PatternConverter:

  • tid:使用LogbackPatternConverter,将%tid占位符转换为skywalking traceId

  • sw_ctx:使用LogbackSkyWalkingContextPatternConverter,将%sw_ctx占位符转换为skywalking context

public class TraceIdPatternLogbackLayout extends PatternLayout { public TraceIdPatternLogbackLayout() { } static { defaultConverterMap.put("tid", LogbackPatternConverter.class.getName()); defaultConverterMap.put("sw_ctx", LogbackSkyWalkingContextPatternConverter.class.getName()); } }

LogbackPatternConverter#convert()方法写死了返回 "TID: N/A",这是怎么回事呢?

public class LogbackPatternConverter extends ClassicConverter { public LogbackPatternConverter() { } public String convert(ILoggingEvent iLoggingEvent) { return "TID: N/A"; } }

启动 Java 应用时,指定 java agent 启动参数-javaagent:-javaagent:/opt/tools/skywalking-agent.jar

skywalking agent 会代理LogbackPatternConverter类,重写convert()方法的逻辑。

package org.apache.skywalking.apm.toolkit.log.logback.v1.x; import ch.qos.logback.classic.pattern.ClassicConverter; import ch.qos.logback.classic.spi.ILoggingEvent; import java.lang.reflect.Method; import org.apache.skywalking.apm.agent.core.plugin.interceptor.enhance.EnhancedInstance; import org.apache.skywalking.apm.agent.core.plugin.interceptor.enhance.InstMethodsInter; import org.apache.skywalking.apm.toolkit.log.logback.v1.x.LogbackPatternConverter$auxiliary$pJ6Zrqzi; public class LogbackPatternConverter extends ClassicConverter implements EnhancedInstance { private volatile Object _$EnhancedClassField_ws; public static volatile /* synthetic */ InstMethodsInter delegate$mo3but1; private static final /* synthetic */ Method cachedValue$oeLgRjrq$u5j8qu3; public String convert(ILoggingEvent iLoggingEvent) { return (String)delegate$mo3but1.intercept(this, new Object[]{iLoggingEvent}, new LogbackPatternConverter$auxiliary$pJ6Zrqzi(this, iLoggingEvent), cachedValue$oeLgRjrq$u5j8qu3); } private /* synthetic */ String convert$original$T8InTdln(ILoggingEvent iLoggingEvent) { /*34*/ return "TID: N/A"; } @Override public void setSkyWalkingDynamicField(Object object) { this._$EnhancedClassField_ws = object; } @Override public Object getSkyWalkingDynamicField() { return this._$EnhancedClassField_ws; } static { ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass("org.apache.skywalking.apm.dependencies.net.bytebuddy.dynamic.Nexus").getMethod("initialize", Class.class, Integer.TYPE).invoke(null, LogbackPatternConverter.class, -1942176692); cachedValue$oeLgRjrq$u5j8qu3 = LogbackPatternConverter.class.getMethod("convert", ILoggingEvent.class); } final /* synthetic */ String convert$original$T8InTdln$accessor$oeLgRjrq(ILoggingEvent iLoggingEvent) { return this.convert$original$T8InTdln(iLoggingEvent); } }

MDC 原理

MDC 在 slf4j-api jar 包中,MDC 是 slf4j 的规范,对 MDC 的所有操作都会落到MDCAdapter接口的方法上。

public class MDC { static final String NULL_MDCA_URL = "http://www.slf4j.org/codes.html#null_MDCA"; static final String NO_STATIC_MDC_BINDER_URL = "http://www.slf4j.org/codes.html#no_static_mdc_binder"; static MDCAdapter mdcAdapter; public static void put(String key, String val) throws IllegalArgumentException { if (key == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("key parameter cannot be null"); } if (mdcAdapter == null) { throw new IllegalStateException("MDCAdapter cannot be null. See also " + NULL_MDCA_URL); } mdcAdapter.put(key, val); } }

MDCAdapter 是 slf4j 提供的 MDC 适配器接口,也就是 MDC 的规范。任何日志框架想要使用 MDC 功能,需要遵守 MDCAdapter 接口接口规范,实现接口中的方法。

// This interface abstracts the service offered by various MDC implementations. public interface MDCAdapter { public void put(String key, String val); public String get(String key); }

Logback 日志框架提供了对 MDCAdapter 的适配:LogbackMDCAdapter,底层采用 ThreadLocal 实现。

public class LogbackMDCAdapter implements MDCAdapter { // The internal map is copied so as // We wish to avoid unnecessarily copying of the map. To ensure // efficient/timely copying, we have a variable keeping track of the last // operation. A copy is necessary on 'put' or 'remove' but only if the last // operation was a 'get'. Get operations never necessitate a copy nor // successive 'put/remove' operations, only a get followed by a 'put/remove' // requires copying the map. // See http://jira.qos.ch/browse/LOGBACK-620 for the original discussion. // We no longer use CopyOnInheritThreadLocal in order to solve LBCLASSIC-183 // Initially the contents of the thread local in parent and child threads // reference the same map. However, as soon as a thread invokes the put() // method, the maps diverge as they should. final ThreadLocal<Map<String, String>> copyOnThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Map<String, String>>(); private static final int WRITE_OPERATION = 1; private static final int MAP_COPY_OPERATION = 2; // keeps track of the last operation performed final ThreadLocal<Integer> lastOperation = new ThreadLocal<Integer>(); public void put(String key, String val) throws IllegalArgumentException { if (key == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("key cannot be null"); } Map<String, String> oldMap = copyOnThreadLocal.get(); Integer lastOp = getAndSetLastOperation(WRITE_OPERATION); if (wasLastOpReadOrNull(lastOp) || oldMap == null) { Map<String, String> newMap = duplicateAndInsertNewMap(oldMap); newMap.put(key, val); } else { oldMap.put(key, val); } } public String get(String key) { final Map<String, String> map = copyOnThreadLocal.get(); if ((map != null) && (key != null)) { return map.get(key); } else { return null; } } }

Logback 占位符

PatternLayout 类初始化时,设置了 logback 常用占位符对应的 Converter。

public class PatternLayout extends PatternLayoutBase<ILoggingEvent> { public static final Map<String, String> DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP = new HashMap<String, String>(); public static final Map<String, String> CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP = new HashMap<String, String>(); /** * @deprecated replaced by DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP */ public static final Map<String, String> defaultConverterMap = DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP; public static final String HEADER_PREFIX = "#logback.classic pattern: "; static { DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.putAll(Parser.DEFAULT_COMPOSITE_CONVERTER_MAP); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("d", DateConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("date", DateConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(DateConverter.class.getName(), "date"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("r", RelativeTimeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("relative", RelativeTimeConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(RelativeTimeConverter.class.getName(), "relative"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("level", LevelConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("le", LevelConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("p", LevelConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(LevelConverter.class.getName(), "level"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("t", ThreadConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("thread", ThreadConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(ThreadConverter.class.getName(), "thread"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("lo", LoggerConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("logger", LoggerConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("c", LoggerConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(LoggerConverter.class.getName(), "logger"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("m", MessageConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("msg", MessageConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("message", MessageConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(MessageConverter.class.getName(), "message"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("C", ClassOfCallerConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("class", ClassOfCallerConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(ClassOfCallerConverter.class.getName(), "class"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("M", MethodOfCallerConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("method", MethodOfCallerConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(MethodOfCallerConverter.class.getName(), "method"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("L", LineOfCallerConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("line", LineOfCallerConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(LineOfCallerConverter.class.getName(), "line"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("F", FileOfCallerConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("file", FileOfCallerConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(FileOfCallerConverter.class.getName(), "file"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("X", MDCConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("mdc", MDCConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("ex", ThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("exception", ThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("rEx", RootCauseFirstThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("rootException", RootCauseFirstThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("throwable", ThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("xEx", ExtendedThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("xException", ExtendedThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("xThrowable", ExtendedThrowableProxyConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("nopex", NopThrowableInformationConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("nopexception", NopThrowableInformationConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("cn", ContextNameConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("contextName", ContextNameConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(ContextNameConverter.class.getName(), "contextName"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("caller", CallerDataConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(CallerDataConverter.class.getName(), "caller"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("marker", MarkerConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(MarkerConverter.class.getName(), "marker"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("property", PropertyConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("n", LineSeparatorConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("black", BlackCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("red", RedCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("green", GreenCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("yellow", YellowCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("blue", BlueCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("magenta", MagentaCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("cyan", CyanCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("white", WhiteCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("gray", GrayCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("boldRed", BoldRedCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("boldGreen", BoldGreenCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("boldYellow", BoldYellowCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("boldBlue", BoldBlueCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("boldMagenta", BoldMagentaCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("boldCyan", BoldCyanCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("boldWhite", BoldWhiteCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("highlight", HighlightingCompositeConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("lsn", LocalSequenceNumberConverter.class.getName()); CONVERTER_CLASS_TO_KEY_MAP.put(LocalSequenceNumberConverter.class.getName(), "lsn"); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("prefix", PrefixCompositeConverter.class.getName()); } }

ThreadConverter:将%thread占位符转换为 logger 线程。

public class ThreadConverter extends ClassicConverter { public String convert(ILoggingEvent event) { return event.getThreadName(); } }

PatternLayout中,默认添加了对 MDC 的支持,可以将%X{key}或者%mdc{key}占位符转换为MDC.get(key)

DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("X", MDCConverter.class.getName()); DEFAULT_CONVERTER_MAP.put("mdc", MDCConverter.class.getName());

MDCConverter为何可以将%X{traceId}或者%mdc{traceId}占位符转换为MDC.get("traceId")

在程序启动时,ch.qos.logback.core.pattern.parser.Compiler#compile()会解析用户配置的 pattern 表达式,得到 pattern 中需要动态解析的占位符,比如%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS}%X{traceId}

将这些动态占位符传递给DynamicConverter#optionList字段(MDCConverter本质就是DynamicConverter),optionList字段包含程序要处理的占位符名称,比如 traceId。

程序启动时,logback 进行 Convert 初始化,会调用MDCConverter#start()方法,将成员变量private String key的值设置为traceId(MDCConverter#getFirstOption()返回用户配置的 traceId)。

MDCConverter#convert()方法中,将 traceId 占位符转换为MDC.get(key):String value = mdcPropertyMap.get(key)

public class MDCConverter extends ClassicConverter { private String key; private String defaultValue = ""; @Override public void start() { String[] keyInfo = extractDefaultReplacement(getFirstOption()); key = keyInfo[0]; if (keyInfo[1] != null) { defaultValue = keyInfo[1]; } super.start(); } @Override public String convert(ILoggingEvent event) { Map<String, String> mdcPropertyMap = event.getMDCPropertyMap(); if (mdcPropertyMap == null) { return defaultValue; } if (key == null) { return outputMDCForAllKeys(mdcPropertyMap); } else { String value = mdcPropertyMap.get(key); if (value != null) { return value; } else { return defaultValue; } } } }

ILoggingEvent接口的实现类LoggingEvent中,对MDCAdapter做了适配:

public class LoggingEvent implements ILoggingEvent { public Map<String, String> getMDCPropertyMap() { // populate mdcPropertyMap if null if (mdcPropertyMap == null) { MDCAdapter mdc = MDC.getMDCAdapter(); if (mdc instanceof LogbackMDCAdapter) mdcPropertyMap = ((LogbackMDCAdapter) mdc).getPropertyMap(); else mdcPropertyMap = mdc.getCopyOfContextMap(); } // mdcPropertyMap still null, use emptyMap() if (mdcPropertyMap == null) mdcPropertyMap = Collections.emptyMap(); return mdcPropertyMap; } }
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